Actualmente la palabra “alfabetización” es polisémica, tiene muchos sentidos. Hay quienes se han quedado con el concepto más elemental, el que considera alfabetizado al que sabe deletrear, silabear, pronunciar y escribir palabras de un vocabulario bien corto y puede adjudicarle a tales palabras un sentido inmediato y unívoco y, al mismo tiempo, está introducido en las operaciones básicas de la aritmética. Otros consideran alfabetizado al que maneja y domina la lectoescritura y es capaz de interpretar la realidad y puede transformar su entorno.
En el primer grupo están países como Bolivia; en el segundo, países como Colombia. (J. Kalman, 2008 p. 114 OEI RIdeE n. 46).
Al mismo tiempo, la palabra alfabetización se ha tomado extensivamente como metáfora para significar que se está iniciando en cualquier otro lenguaje o campo de la vida, y así se habla de alfabetización digital, alfabetización en derechos humanos, alfabetización en ciencias, en arte, etc.
El señor Evo Morales nos merece todo respeto por ser Presidente de Bolivia elegido por la mayoría de su pueblo, pero merece también nuestra crítica y rechazo indignado por habernos ofendido al pueblo paraguayo, a nuestros educadores profesionales de “formación permanente de adultos”, al Ministerio de Educación y Cultura y a nuestro Gobierno, al ofrecerse con sus “voluntarios” y otros de Cuba y Venezuela para venir a alfabetizar al Paraguay.
Es evidente que Evo Morales no está alfabetizado en alfabetización. ¿De qué alfabetización nos habla? No sabe, por lo visto, que el sistema de alfabetización vigente en Paraguay desde hace unos años ha sido felicitado por la Unesco, considerado por la OEI y AECI como una de las mejores experiencias de América Latina; no sabe que varios especialistas paraguayos fueron invitados por su propio país para presentarles nuestro programa de alfabetización; que la señora Marta Lafuente, viceministra de Educación de entonces, fue invitada por el Gobierno cubano a presentar nuestro trabajo y que al terminar su presentación fue calurosamente aplaudida.
Parece que ignora también que en alfabetización hay diversos niveles, cada uno de los cuales es indicativo de la adquisición de diferentes y progresivas capacidades, como analiza con profesionalidad LAMP en el brillante estudio publicado por UNESCO INSTITUTE OF STATISTICS en el año 2005.
Lo que es peor, el señor Evo parece desconocer que toda alfabetización está y debe hacerse contextualizada. No existe alfabetización neutra ni aislada ni transportable. Las palabras de una misma lengua pueden tener connotaciones y hasta sentidos diferentes según el contexto y la cultura. La palabra “concha” en Venezuela significa cáscara o corteza, mientras que en países como Paraguay tiene una fuerte connotación y referencia al genital femenino. ¿Qué conoce ese ejército de “voluntarios”, bolivianos, venezolanos y cubanos sobre nuestra realidad y nuestro contexto actual e histórico, y nuestro bilingüismo?
Más aún, la alfabetización está esencial y necesariamente referida a la cultura de las localidades y las personas alfabetizandas. ¿Qué saben esas milicias de voluntarios sobre nuestras culturas paraguayas? ¿Saben algo de nuestra cultura guaraní? ¿Cómo interpretarán la legitimidad de expresiones del castellano paraguayo, como “caigüé” u otras incluso incorporadas desde Paraguay al diccionario de la lengua de la Real Academia Española, como la palabra “argel”? La cultura general, desde luego la popular, está fuertemente impregnada de fe, visión y valores cristianos, ¿tiene sentido una alfabetización que cercene una parte tan trascendente, vital e internalizada en la mente y en el corazón de nuestras gentes? Ninguna alfabetización es neutra. Todas deben responder a la cultura y a las opciones de los alfabetizandos.
La arrogancia del señor Evo, ignorando y menospreciando nuestra realidad y rebajándonos ante su pretendida liberación de analfabetismo, delata su pretensión colonizadora y su vocación imperialista. Resulta irónico que lo que ha justificado su política “liberadora”, atacando a otros imperialismos y colonizaciones, sea ahora lo que él pretende hacer con un país hermano y vecino. Parece que el señor Evo necesita alfabetizarse, al menos en respeto a otros pueblos, en relaciones internacionales y en diplomacia.
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